The ever-increasing pistachio gardening is considered as the main cause of overdraft and water-level decline in Sirjan plain. During the past several years, overdraft from the alluvial aquifer of this plain has led to water resource depletion, quality degradation, deepening the well, drying water resources, increase in energy consumption for water pumping, higher drought frequency, ground settlement, decrease in specific retention and drying some fields and gardens.Continuation of this trend during the next years, the level of the plain underground water will drop more, and besides discharging a great part of water with a desirable quality and quantity, the damages will also increase. Also, salt water intrusion from the west (Salt Flat) would threaten the natural ecosystems. Problems in public hygiene and welfare, crisis in agriculture and animal husbandry, unemployment, decrease in public income and the probable unrest and economic and social crises may result. Since the highest amounts of abstraction is for agriculture, training farmers for optimum water consumption and up-grading irrigation practices seem essential. Some other options such as decrease in drilling permits, conservation of ground waters, artificial recharge, proper agricultural practices, water treatment and recycling of sewages and effluents may decrease ground water abstraction rate and abate these forecasted consequences.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between persons with high and low emotions in cognitive processes i.e. selective abstraction, personalization, and over generalization. For this purpose by administering the Larsen and Diener Affect Intensity Scale (1985), sixty participants showing high affect (n=30) and low affect (n=30), were selected from 310 college students. Members of the two groups were paired and each two-person team watched two blocks of slides (each block consisting of 40 slides, of which 15 had a neutral affective load and the remaining 25 had either positive or negative affective load). Following the presentation of each positive or negative affective load slide group, a 37 item questionnaire was administered to the participants. Nine items of this questionnaire were related to the three cognitive processes mentioned above. Results showed that persons with high affect intensity used relatively stronger such cognitive processes, compared to persons with low affect intensity (P<0/05). The results of this research showed that in addition to depressed persons, normal persons with diverse emotional levels (especially persons with high intensity affect) also use the three cognitive processes.

The theory of over abstraction- intellectuality of the soul, according to Molla Sadra, is the abstraction of the soul from the essence in addition to its abstraction from matter. Accordingly, the characteristics of the soul in this rank are that it is never stable and is an integrated  gem, a shadow of existence, a pure existence over the category, which is neither substance nor accident, neither genus nor differentia and not even intellectually notable. The structure and formation of this theory is also the result of the principality of existence and a consideration of other Sadraian principles such as the unity of existence, degrees in the stages of existence, the unity of intellect and intellectual, and trans-substance motion. Also, for the first time, the present study refers to the interaction between the theory of over abstraction- intellectuality and Molla Sadra's firm belief in the rejection of the principality of quiddity and his return to the principality of existence theory, and in taking this position, Molla Sadra talks about noticing a divine proof and revelation which is maybe the same as Sheikh Eshragh's rejection of the credibility of existence over the mere identically  and pure existence of the soul in over abstraction. Therefore, the proposition of the theory of over abstraction in transcendent wisdom without admitting these principles is impossible and incomplete and does not lead us to a precise understanding and correct knowledge of the issue.

Abstraction figure in Persian language and literature is defined as khetab-o-nafs and in Arabic language and literature while emphasizing abstraction of the second substantive from the first substantive, nomely: Abstraction of imaginary character from the real character, much more phases of khetab-o-nafs are presented than that of the abstraction figure.The purpose of this essay is to show: firstly, that one can choose a more efficient plan in presenting the subject mother. Secondly, Abstraction is not limited to khetab-o-nafs in Persian language and literature.

Iran, due to its geographical location, has low rainfall and is considered a dry land. As a result, different regions of the country grapple with drought. The presence of water management systems, such as aqueducts and reservoirs, in most parts of the country, along with a variety of methods for conserving water for irrigation, may contribute to this claim. Considering that drought is an inherent phenomenon in Iran's climate, people have invented and used numerous methods to combat it and store water. The aim of this study is to monitor and evaluate drought in Iran. In order to realize this goal, precipitation data from synoptic, rain gauge, and climatology stations were extracted over a 51-year period, from 1970 to 2020. The results obtained from examining drought occurrences in five ten-year periods reveal that, with the exception of the third decade (1991 to 2000), drought has prevailed in the majority of Iran's regions compared to other decades. On the other hand, in the recent decades leading to 2020, the intensity of drought occurrences, especially in the Middle Zagros, has intensified, which has consistently been among the regions with the highest rainfall in Iran after the Caspian region. This situation can cause concern in Iran, a country where its agricultural production hub is established along the Zagros mountain range. Moreover, the fluctuating behavior of Iran's droughts, with return periods of 2 to 5 years, has complicated the management strategies for these types of hazards. These conditions appear to have created numerous issues in many areas of Iran, particularly in the agricultural sector of the western provinces, due to the lack of conformity with these types of occurrences.

Images are able to show completely different things from themselves and have fascinated philosophers since Plato. Among the philosophers who have dealt with this field are phenomenologists, who approach images from different angles. Some philosophers who study phenomenological aesthetics consider art as the perception of the visible. In this article, we try to answer the question, what is the importance of art and aesthetics for philosophy, and how can phenomenological concepts be used to understand abstraction in painting? Does phenomenology add anything new to our understanding of painting? Influenced by the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, we draw on specific concepts-horizon, phenomenological reduction, life-world, epoch-and show what the connection is between abstraction, the world, and phenomenological reduction. Abstraction shows the relationship between the world and the horizon. Pictorial reduction reveals how the horizon of the world and surprises the viewer. Or how past horizons make up for our present experience. Relying on Husserlian framework and descriptive-analytical method, we must be prepared to look at artwork without any presuppositions, to set aside habitual expectations, and to react directly to the dynamic relationships of the visible elements of color and form. Thus, this reading works by reducing, eliminating, and concentrating, and it requires an active response, not a passive acceptance. In this reading, the work of art is an object to motivate thought, but not in the way that inanimate nature, landscape, portrait, or narrative might be. In fact, our judgment of the effect depends on how the effect penetrates our consciousness and affects our feelings and thoughts. Thus, the artist, like a phenomenologist, moves away from the natural and everyday world and looks deeper into the world, reviving the forgotten biosphere and filling the gap between consciousness and the world. In other words, they both rebuild the world and both return to the world. It thus refers to the abstract concept of the return to the world and the internal relations of the world that are not known. With this reading we have shown that abstraction is not a separation from the world or nature, but a different experience of it. In fact, abstraction is a useful tool for expressing a variety of experiences and ideas. In other words, abstraction may mean something positive, a “return” to a deeply global relationship, though not explicitly recognized. Also, considering the distinction between the phenomenological epoch and the aesthetic epoch, we conclude that the whole painting is abstract and non-figurative. Finally, and surely art has long been the subject of phenomenological philosophical studies, which in turn gives way to the expression of human life. However, the tradition of phenomenological aesthetics is still in its infancy and its identity is very fluid, and the possibility of phenomenological aesthetics can still be posed as a living question.

Defining concept of imagination from Muslim philosophers viewpoints first, this essay deals with the concept of abstraction secondly, and finally discusses abstraction of imagination, whose most notable fruit is subsistence of souls that are not attained intellectual abstraction, from viewpoints of some outstanding Muslimphilosophers.

In this paper, it will be shown that Muslim peripatetic philosophers' theory on perceiving universals is not that of abstraction. But, they see that the only factor in intellectual understanding is the grace of the form-giver intellect (the tenth intellect). Based on this theory they must accept the theory of ideas and it leads them to accept a kind of idealism similar to that of Malebranch and Barkley.

Purpose: Novice runners are at high risk of running-related injuries. However, their injury mechanisms are less well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of running-induced fatigue on foot roll-over pattern in novice runners.Methods: Eighteen (12 male and 6 female) novice runners participated in this study. Before and after the fatigue, plantar load distribution was recorded by Footscan system. Peak plantar pressure, peak force underneath of each zone and Medio-lateral force distribution ratio were calculated during forefoot push-off phase. Furthermore, temporal data such as time to peak force for each region and duration percent for each phase were calculated.Results: After the fatigue, an increase in forefoot and midfoot loading was observed. Results showed statistically significant reduction in the Medio-lateral force distribution ratio in forefoot push off (p=0.029). Moreover, timing percent of initial contact phase and forefoot contact phase were decreased (p=0.001 and p=0.009 respectively) and percent of forefoot push off phase duration was increased significantly (p=0.036). Time to peak force in the 4th metatarsal reduced.Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated that running-induced fatigue caused load and plantar pressure distribution consequently, roll-over deviations in novice runners. These results may provide useful information related to several running related injuries.